Te paetukutuku mō te papakupu Māori
Ko te tautoko i ngā ākonga o te reo Māori te whāinga matua o te paetukutuku nei. He rite tonu te tāpiri i ngā kupu hou, i ngā tikanga hou me ngā whakamahuki hou, ā, i te tau 2007 ka tīmata te tāpiri i ngā whakaahua o ngā rākau, o ngā manu, o ngā tāngata, o ngā ngārara hoki. Nā te kaitito ēnei, atu i ngā whakaahua e whai ake nei:
- Ben Barr - mokomoko, pepetuna, peketua
- Bub Smith - whio
I tāpirihia ngā tangi o ngā manu māori ki te papakupu i te tau 2009. Nō reira, e mihi ana mātou ki te McPherson Natural History Unit me Viking Sevenseas Ltd i whakaae mai ai kia tāpirihia ngā tangi nei.
Hei kīnaki te paetukutuku nei mō ngā pukapuka me ngā rauemi o Te Whanake hei ako i te reo Māori. Tomo atu ki te paetukutuku mō ngā rauemi o Te Whanake kia kite ai i ngā whakamārama mō aua rauemi mō te reo Māori.
Te Kohikohinga Kupu Whakawhiti o Mua
I tāpirihia ngā kupu whakawhiti o mua ki tēnei pae tukutuku i te marama o Whiringa-ā-nuku i te tau 2009. Nā Te Tūāpapa Rangahau Pūtaiao Māori o Aotearoa te pūtea i homai hei whakaoti i tēnei mahi mai i te tau 2005 ki te tau 2009, engari i tīmata te kohikohi kupu whakawhiti me ngā raraunga i te tau 1998.
Ka taea e koe ngā kupu whakawhiti o mua te kimi. Neke atu i te 18,000 ngā kupu whakawhiti o tēnei kohikohinga mai i ngā niupepa reo Māori, i te Paipera Tapu me ētahi atu pukapuka. I tāia aua pukapuka mai i te tau 1842 ki te tau 1952. He maha kei te kōrerotia i ēnei rā, nō reira kei roto hoki aua kupu i te papakupu matua o Te Aka.
Kāore ngā tikanga e tino mārama ana mō ngā kupu e 300 pea, ā, kua tohua ēnei kei te mutunga o ngā kōrero mō aua kupu. ā taihoa pea ka puta te māramatanga.
Kua tuhia ētahi kōrero whakamahuki mō ēnei kupu whakawhiti i roto i te hautaka ipurangi o Te Kaharoa.
He whakamārama
Ngā momo kupu
E rua ngā wehenga whānui o ngā kupu Māori: ko ngā kupu e hari ana i te matū o ngā tikanga o tētahi rerenga kōrero, arā ngā tumu (bases), me ngā kupu kei mua, kei muri rānei i aua kupu e tāpiri ana i te aronga ki aua tumu, e kīa ana ko ngā punga (particles). He wehenga anō, engari, ruarua nei ngā kupu, e kīa ana ko ngā tūhau (interjections). Hei tauira: Āe, Kaitoa! Anei ngā whakamārama e whai ake nei mō ēnei momo kupu, engari, he whakamārama atu anō kei roto i ngā kōrero whakataki o te papakupu, arā, o te pukapuka o Te Aka Māori-English, English-Māori Dictionary and Index.
E rima ngā wehenga o ngā tumu e hāngai ana ki te mahi o aua momo kupu i roto i te rerenga kōrero me te whanaungatanga o tētahi tumu ki tētahi atu tumu me ngā punga.
- Tūingoa noa: Kāore ēnei e mahia ana hei tūmahi. Hei tauira: whare. He kupu ēnei hei whakaingoa i ngā mea, i ngā momo tāngata me ngā ariā. Ka whai tonu mai ēnei i ngā kupu 'ngā', 'he' me 'te'. Hei tauira: ngā tāngata. Ka whai mai anō hoki tēnei momo kupu i nga pūmau (possessive determiners). Hei tauira: tōku.
- Tūmahi: He kupu ēnei mō ngā mahi. Ka taea tēnei momo kupu te whakamahi hei tūingoa, hei tūmahi hoki. Ka taea hoki te nuinga o ngā tūmahi te kūmuri hāngū, arā, ngā pīmuri (passive suffix), te tāpiri i roto i ngā rerehāngū. Hei tauira: Kua horoia ngā rīhi e ia. Kei roto i tēnei papakupu ka tuhia ēnei pīmuri e tika ana mō te tūmahi i waenganui i ētahi taiepa pewa i muri tonu mai i te tūmahi. Mehemea neke atu i te kotahi ngā pīmuri e tika ana mō tētahi kupu, ka whakaraupapatia ēnei. Hei tauira: iriiri (-a, -hia, -tia). Mehemea he rerekē te āhua o te kupu, inā tāpiritia te pīmuri, tuhia ai te katoa o te kupu i waenganui i ngā taiepa pewa. Hei tauira: titiro (tirohia).
- Tūmahi oti me ngā tūāhua: Koia nei ngā kupu kāore e taea te pīmuri te tāpiri. He kupu ēnei mō te āhua o tētahi mea. Hei tauira: mate, mahue, riro. Ka taea ētahi te whakamahi hei tūingoa noa. Ahakoa kei roto ngā tūāhua i tēnei wehenga, ki tā ētahi tohunga o te reo, he wehenga motuhake kē ngā tūāhua, he wehenga motuhake kē ngā tūmahi oti. He kupu ēnei e whakamārama ana i te āhua o ngā mea, o ngā tāngata, o ngā mahi hoki. Hei tauira: He wahine ātaahua tana hoa.
- Tūwāhi: Ka whai tonu mai tēnei momo kupu i ngā kūmua, arā i ngā pīmua, pēnei i te 'i' me te 'ki'. Ka whai tonu mai i te 'a' mehemea ko te tūwāhi te tāhū (subject) o te rerenga kōrero. Hei tauira: He mahana a roto. Kei roto i tēnei wehenga te katoa o ngā ingoa wāhi me ētahi atu pēnei i te kupu 'runga'. Ko ngā ingoa o ngā takiwā, o ngā awa, o ngā maunga, o ngā marae me ngā wāhi kei roto i tēnei wehenga. Hei tauira: Taranaki.
- Tūingoa tangata me ngā tūkapi: Ki te whai mai ēnei momo kupu i te kupu 'ki' me puru te 'a' ki mua i te tūingoa tangata, i te tūkapi rānei. Hei tauira: Hoatu tēnei ki a Piripi. Kei roto i tēnei wehenga ngā ingoa o ngā tāngata, o ngā iwi, o ngā waka, o ngā marama, o ngā whetū, o ngā whetūao, me ngā kupu 'wai?' tae noa ki ngā tūkapi. Hei tauira: Mereana. I te wā ka tū te tūkapi hei tāhū o te rerenga kōrero, kāore he 'a' kei mua i te tūkapi. Hei tauira: He wāhine pukumahi rāua. Kāore i te pēnei ngā tūingoa tangata. Hei tauira: He pākiwaha a Hone.
He mea āta wehewehe ngā momo tikanga o ngā tūmahi me ngā tūmahi oti i roto i tēnei papakupu, ā, he tauira rerenga kōrero me te whakapākehātanga mō te nuinga o ngā momo tikanga.
Kei mua, kei muri hoki ngā punga i ngā momo tumu.
Ngā kīwaha
He kīwaha kei roto i tēnei papakupu me ngā whakamārama mō te whakamahi. He tauira rerenga kōrero me te whakapākehātanga kei te taha o ēnei. He tohu anō hei āwhina i te kaipānui kia mōhio ai ia pēwhea ai te whakamahi i te kīwaha. Ko tā te tohu rītaha, he whakaatu atu e rua ngā kupu ka taea, arā, te kupu i te taha māui, te kupu rānei i te taha katau o te tohu rītaha, engari, kaua ngā mea e rua i te wā kotahi. Ko tā ngā taiepa tūtika, he whakaatu i te momo kupu ka taea i taua wāhanga o te rerenga. Ko ngā kupu e mau mai ana ki ngā taiepa pewa, he kupu e whakaaetia ana te noho mai ki te kīwaha, e whakaaetia ana anō hoki te waiho ki tahaki – kei a koe te tikanga. Heoi anō, i te nuinga o te wā, he kupu whakakaha ake ēnei i te hā o te kōrero. Mehemea kei mua, kei muri rānei ētahi tongi e toru, koia nei te waitohu mō te kupu, mō te kōrero rānei, e ngaro ana, ā, me mātua noho he kupu ki mua, ki muri, ki waenganui rānei.
Kupu arotau
Kāore i te ōrite tēnei papakupu ki ētahi atu papakupu reo Māori, kua purua kētia ngā kupu i takea mai i ētahi atu reo, arā, ngā kupu arotau. Tohua ai tēnei momo kupu ki (loan) i muri mai i te kupu. Ahakoa te katoa, ahakoa tētahi wāhanga o te kupu kua unuhia mai i tētahi atu reo ka tāpirihia te tohu (loan). Hei tauira: pāpara kāuta – nō te kupu Pākehā public te 'pāpara', engari, he kupu tūturu nō te reo Māori te 'kāuta'.
Ngā Reo ā-iwi
Ahakoa kei roto i tēnei papakupu ngā kupu ake o ngā reo o tēnā iwi, o tēnā iwi, kāore ngā kupu e ōrite ana hāunga te whakahua e kitea i konei, pērā i te 'n' mō te 'ng' a ētahi kaikōrero nō Ngāi Tūhoe, i te 'k' mō te 'ng' a ētahi kaikōrero nō Te Wai Pounamu, i te 'w' mō te 'wh' me te whakatakanga o te 'h' e ētahi kaikōrero nō ngā iwi o Whanganui me Taranaki.
Te tuhi i te reo
Whai mai ai ngā tuhituhinga o Te Whanake i ngā tikanga tuhituhi a Te Taura Whiri i te Reo Māori, tae atu hoki ki te whakamahi i te tohutō hei waitohu i i te tō o ngā oro puare. E rima ngā oro puare, engari, he whakahua poto, he whakahua roa hoki ō ia oro puare. Tohua ai ngā oro puare roa ki te hahae kei runga ake, arā, he tohutō. He rerekē te tikanga o te nuinga o ngā kupu mehemea he rerekē te roa o ngā oro puare. Hei tauira: kēkē (armpit), kekē (to creak), keke (cake).
Ki te tuaruatia he kupu, he wāhanga nō te kupu rānei; kotahi te kupu ināianei engari, e rua ngā kupu i ngā wā o mua; ka tāpiritia rānei tētahi pīmua ki te kupu, ka tuhia e rua ngā oro puare e ōrite ana i ēnei momo kupu. Hei tauira: hāereere, manaaki (-tia), whakaahua (-tia).
